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Resumen Introducción: La diversidad de una comunidad biológica es el resultado de procesos ecológicos e históricos, los cuales, analizados en conjunto, producen una mejor comprensión de las causas que la generan. Objetivo: Actualizamos y analizamos la diversidad específica y taxonómica de la ictiofauna del río Amacuzac, México. Métodos: Durante cinco temporadas de muestreo (2019-2020), recolectamos peces de diez sitios en el río y aplicamos un análisis de conglomerados a las variables del hábitat. Resultados: Recolectamos 7 638 individuos, siete de especies nativas y nueve no nativas, incluyendo Copadichromis borleyi, un nuevo registro para el Amacuzac. La riqueza por sitio osciló entre ocho y 13 especies. Las variables del hábitat definieron cuatro grupos. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Poeciliopsis gracilis, Poecilia maylandi y Amatitlania nigrofasciata. Las especies menos abundantes fueron: Pterygoplichtys pardalis, Ilyodon whitei, Copadichromis borleyi e Ictalurus punctatus. Las especies más relevantes fueron: A. nigrofasciata, Amphilophus istlanus, Andinoacara rivulatus, Notropis boucardi, Oreochormis sp., P. maylandi, P. gracilis y Thorichthys maculipinis. Las especies más restringidas fueron: Atherinella balsana, C. borleyi e I. punctatus. Conclusiones: Las especies en peligro de extinción, A. istlanus y N. boucardi, aun prevalecen en el río. Además, se muestra un aumento en el número de especies no nativas. Analizar la diversidad desde dos perspectivas, aporta una visión más completa de los cambios que se dan en el Río Amacuzac como consecuencia del establecimiento de especies, información que es importante para futuras estrategias de conservación.
Abstract Introduction: The diversity of a biological community is the result of ecological and historical processes, which, when analyzed jointly, produce a better understanding of the causes that generate it. Objective: We update and analyze the specific and taxonomic diversity of the ichthyofauna of the Amacuzac River, Mexico. Methods: During five sampling seasons (2019-2020) we collected fishes from ten sites in the river and applied a cluster analysis to habitat variables. Results: We collected 7 638 individuals; seven were native species and nine were non-native, including Copadichromis borleyi, a new record for the Amacuzac. Richness per site ranged from eight to 13 species. Habitat variables defined four groups. The most abundant species were Poeciliopsis gracilis, Poecilia maylandi and Amatitlania nigrofasciata. The least abundant species were: Pterygoplichtys pardalis, Ilyodon whitei, Copadichromis borleyi and Ictalurus punctatus. The most prevalent species were: A. nigrofasciata, Amphilophus istlanus, Andinoacara rivulatus, Notropis boucardi, Oreochormis sp., P. maylandi, P., gracilis and Thorichthys maculipinis. The most restricted species were: Atherinella balsana, C. borleyi and I. punctatus. Conclusions: Endangered species such as A. istlanus and N. boucardi are still prevalent in the river, but non-native species continue to increase. Analyzing the diversity from two perspectives provides a more complete view of the changes taking place in the Amacuzac River as a consequence of species establishment, information that is important for future conservation strategies.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aquatic Fauna , Rivers , Biodiversity , MexicoABSTRACT
Aim: To study the distribution of two invasive alien plants and associated plants as well as their distribution in the Malebo Pool eco-region. Methodology: The study was carried out by direct observation by circulating on a motorized canoe. Plant samples were randomly harvested (n=6) in August 2020 depends on the sites. Plant species identification was performed on the field, and those species of which the identification was difficult, were brought to the laboratory for proper identification according to APG III. Results: 19 species, including two Pteridophytes and 17 Angiosperms, belonging to 19 families and 12 orders were identified. The site of Molondo was the most diversified with 15 plant species, followed respectively by the sites of Mipongo (13 species), Japon (12 species) and Kingabwa (07 species). The plant species Ludwigia abyssinica A. Rich., Ipomoea aquatica Forsk, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart), Pistia stratiotes L, Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam) and Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell were present in all four prospected sites. E. pyramidalis and E. crassipes constitute a serious threat for the environment and are source of erosion/loss of aquatic biodiversity. Physiologically, these species form a mono-specific carpet and eliminate native or autochthonous species of aquatic flora.Conclusions and Suggestions: The invasion of alien species is a consequence of human activities and a concern, as it affects all sectors of society. These plants can alter, disrupt, and degrade many ecosystem services like the disturbing of habitats and the alteration of the environmental and biological conditions around them. They can also reduce light and diversity of native aquatic plant species. Controlling invasive alien species is thus a challenge for the Congolese society. Political decision-makers are therefore invited to take appropriate measures for managing and protecting the local aquatic flora and valorize the invasive plants as potential medicinal remedy.
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RESUMEN La zona riparia presenta cambios de vegetación nativa por uso del suelo, asociados a actividades antrópicas, como urbanización, ganadería y agricultura, lo que genera pérdida de diversidad, composición y estructura de la vegetación riparia. En este estudio, se analizó la diversidad florística y estructural de la vegetación riparia a lo largo de un gradiente urbano-natural del río Pitillal - Jalisco, México. Sobre el río Pitillal, se seleccionaron cuatro sitios, siguiendo el gradiente urbano (SU), periurbano (SP), rural (SR) y natural (SN). En cada tramo, se realizaron cuatro parcelas de muestreo, identificando árboles, arbustos, lianas y hierbas. La diversidad florística, se analizó comparando composición, abundancia y riqueza por tipo de planta y origen. La diversidad estructural, se analizó comparando diámetro de tronco, altura total, área de copa, profundidad de copa y perfiles verticales de vegetación. En total, se registraron 508 individuos de 412 familias, 72 géneros y 160 especies y morfoespecies; 75 especies fueron nativas y 10 introducidas. La riqueza específica y abundancia de los árboles fue distinta entre sitios, incrementándose notablemente en el SN. Las especies introducidas disminuyen del SU al SN. El diámetro de tronco, área y profundidad de copa muestran diferencias significativas entre sitios. Los perfiles verticales de la vegetación riparia muestran patrones más heterogéneos en el SN. Los resultados sugieren que la alteración por uso de suelo adyacente al río Pitillal afecta, claramente, la diversidad florística, la composición y la estructural de la vegetación riparia.
ABSTRACT Riparian zone presents changes of native vegetation due to land use associated with anthropic activities, such as urbanization, cattle, and agriculture, which generated the loss of diversity, composition, and structure of the riparian vegetation. In this study, floristic diversity and structural diversity of riparian vegetation was analyzed along an urban-natural gradient of Pitillal River, Jalisco, Mexico. On the Pitillal River, four sites were selected following the urban (SU), peri-urban (SP), rural (SR) and natural (SN) gradient. In each section, four sample plots were sampled, identifying trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs. Floristic diversity was analyzed by comparing composition, abundance, and specific richness by type of plant and origin. Structural diversity was analyzed by comparing trunk diameter, total height, crown area, crown depth and vertical profiles of vegetation. A total of 508 individuals in 412 families, 72 genera and 160 species and morpho species were registered; 75 species were native and 10 introduced. Richness and abundance of the trees was different between sites, increasing notably in the SN. Introduced species decrease from SU to SN. The diameter of the trunk, area and depth of the crown show significant differences between sites. The vertical profiles of the riparian vegetation showed more heterogeneous patterns in the SN. The results suggest that changes due to land use adjacent to Pitillal River have clearly affected the composition, floristic and structural diversity of riparian vegetation.
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RESUMO Avaliaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes diluições de um esgoto doméstico tratado como água de reúso no desenvolvimento de mudas de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth e Amburana cearensis (Fr. All) A.C Smith. O experimento se deu por meio da utilização do arisco como substrato e da irrigação com os tratamentos compostos por cinco diluições de água de reúso com água de abastecimento, com cinco repetições cada, sendo eles: T1 (100% água de reúso + 0% água de abastecimento), T2 (75% água de reúso + 25% água de abastecimento), T3 (50% água de reúso + 50% água de abastecimento), T4 (25% água de reúso + 75% água de abastecimento) e T5 (0% água de reúso + 100% água de abastecimento). Os efeitos das diferentes diluições do esgoto tratado foram avaliados nas seguintes características funcionais: número de folhas, tamanho da raiz principal, quantidade de matéria seca das folhas, da raiz principal e das raízes secundárias. Além disso, foram mensurados altura da planta e diâmetro do coleto durante 30, 60 e 90 dias. Os resultados obtidos para A. cearensis demonstraram que matéria seca das folhas e das raízes secundárias diferiram entre os tratamentos, sendo encontrados os maiores valores em T2, T3 e T4. Nos dados de diâmetro, ao longo do tempo ocorreu diferença significativa aos 90 dias para o tratamento T3. Para M. caesalpiniifolia, as diluições do esgoto não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Desse modo, concluiu-se que o esgoto doméstico tratado proporcionou efeito positivo ou neutro no desenvolvimento, podendo ser uma fonte hídrica, na forma diluída ou concentrada, potencial para a irrigação de mudas dessas espécies.
ABSTRACT This work has assessed the effects of different dilutions of treated domestic wastewater, such as reuse water, on the development of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth and Amburana cearensis (Fr. All) A.C Smith. seedlings. The experiment made use of sandy soil as substrate and irrigation with treatment consisted of five dilutions of reuse water and public supply water (PSW), with five repetitions each, as follows: T1 (100% reuse water + 0% PSW), T2 (75% reuse water + 25% public supply water), T3 (50% reuse water + 50% public supply water), T4 (25% reuse water + 75% public supply water), and T5 (0% reuse water + 100% public supply water). Effects of the different dilutions of treated wastewater were evaluated according to the following functional characteristics: number of leaves, size of primary root, dry matter content of leaves, dry matter content of primary root, and dry matter content of lateral roots. In addition, plant height and collar diameter were also measured over the period of 30, 60, and 90 days. Results obtained for A. cearensis show that dry matter content of leaves and dry matter content of primary root had the highest values with T2, T3, and T4. As far as diameter over time is concerned, there was a significant difference for the T3 treatment in 90 days. Treatments did not produce any meaningful differences in the case of M. Caesalpiniifolia. It was possible to conclude, therefore, that treated domestic wastewater had neutral or positive effects on development and could be a potential water source to irrigate seedlings of these species, in both diluted and concentrated forms.
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Our study assessed the fishers' perception (local ecological knowledge, LEK) concerning environmental impacts on fisheries and fish species in the final portion of Sub-Middle and Lower São Francisco. The river was divided into four areas where 107 fishers from 22 locations (4 states) were surveyed. The dam was the most significant impact on fisheries. The loss of connectivity, changing the environmental complexity, and its secondary effects (e.g., flow control, interruption of migratory routes) were determining factors. Other impacts were pointed out, such as pollution, macrophytes, overfishing, non-native species, and aquaculture. Among migratory species, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Salminus franciscanus have been absent from fishery catches for decades. Prochilodus argenteus records in fisheries are likely associated with migration routes to small tributaries. The environmental disturbance favored the establishment of non-native species such as Oreochromis niloticus, Cichla monoculus, and Metynnis lippincottianus along the studied section. Over the final portion of the São Francisco River, the more significant seawater intrusion changed the target species for fisheries activities. Thus, our data validate the importance of fishers' LEK and reinforce the adverse effects of the reservoir cascade on fishing and migratory fishes.(AU)
Nosso estudo avaliou a percepção dos pescadores (conhecimento ecológico local, CEL) em relação aos impactos ambientais sobre a pesca e peixes no trecho final do Submédio e Baixo São Francisco. O rio foi dividido em quatro áreas onde foram entrevistados 107 pescadores de 22 localidades (4 estados). Barragem foi o impacto mais significativo sobre a pesca. A perda da conectividade alterando a complexidade ambiental e seus efeitos secundários (e.g., controle da vazão, interrupção da rota migratória) foram fatores determinantes. Outros impactos foram apontados, como poluição, macrófitas, sobrepesca, espécies introduzidas e piscicultura. Dentre as espécies migradoras, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans e Salminus franciscanus estão ausentes da pesca há décadas. Os registros de Prochilodus argenteus nas pescarias provavelmente estão associados às rotas migratórias para pequenos tributários. A perturbação ambiental favoreceu o estabelecimento de espécies introduzidas como Oreochromis niloticus, Cichla monoculus e Metynnis lippincottianus ao longo do trecho estudado. No trecho final do rio São Francisco, a maior intrusão de água do mar mudou as espécies-alvo da pesca. Dessa forma, nossos dados validam a importância do conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores e reforçam os efeitos adversos das cascatas de reservatórios sobre a pesca e peixes migratórios.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Environment , Fisheries , Water Reservoirs/analysis , BiodiversityABSTRACT
A new species of Satanoperca is described from the Rio Araguaia, Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil, and non-native records are available in the upper Rio Paraná basin. It differs from congeneric species by color pattern characters, such as head and flank marks. It is included in the Satanoperca jurupari species group, characterized by the absence of black rounded blotches on the flank, and low meristic values. A description of the ontogeny of melanophore marks of the S. jurupari species group revealed two different types of arrangement on the flank and numerous melanophore marks on the head. A discussion on morphologically diverse assemblages in the S. jurupari species group is also provided.(AU)
Uma nova espécie de Satanoperca é descrita do rio Araguaia, bacia do rio Tocantins, Brasil, e registros não-nativos estão disponíveis para a bacia do alto rio Paraná. Pode ser diagnosticada de suas congêneres por caracteres do padrão de colorido como marcas na cabeça e flanco. É incluída no grupo Satanoperca jurupari pela ausência de máculas pretas arredondadas no flanco e menores valores de contagens. Uma descrição da ontogenia das marcas melanofóricas do grupo S. jurupari revelou dois tipos diferentes de arranjos no flanco e várias marcas melanofóricas na cabeça. Uma discussão sobre assembleias morfologicamente diversas no grupo S. jurupari também é fornecida.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Perciformes/anatomy & histology , Perciformes/classification , PigmentationABSTRACT
Anesthesia reduces the handling process duration and prevent fish injuries. The anesthetic effect and ideal concentrations of eugenol and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) were tested for pearl cichlid (Geophagus brasiliensis) juveniles with an average weight of 4.4 g in water at 24ºC. The criterion for determining the optimal dose considered an induction time of one minute. Experiment 1 tested the concentrations of 25, 75, 150 and 300 mg L-1 of eugenol. The best results were obtained at doses of 150 and 300 mg L-1. Experiment 2 aimed to establish a more accurate result by testing the concentrations of 180, 210, 240 and 270 mg L-1, and led to an estimation of 217 mg L-1 of eugenol to induce anesthesia in one minute. Experiment 3 evaluated 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg L-1 of tricaine, of which the concentration of 294 mg L-1 was estimated to induce anesthesia in one minute. No significant differences were observed for recovery times when using either of the anesthetics. No mortality was observed within 24 hours after the experiments for any concentration of the anesthetics. The present study recommends 217 mg L-1 of eugenol or 394 mg L-1 of tricaine for anesthesia of the pearl cichlid.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anesthesia , Cichlids/physiology , Eugenol/chemistry , Mesylates/chemistryABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Light is one of the factors that influence the germination and initial establishment of orchids under in vitro cultivation. This study evaluated the effect of different light sources on these stages in in vitro cultivation of Schomburgkia crispa Lindl. After sowing in an aseptic environment, we stored the cultures in a screened greenhouse (natural light) or in a growth room with the following light sources: 3,000 K yellow LED; 6,500 K white LED [1]; 6,500 K white LED [2]; or 6,500 K white fluorescent lamp (control). We assessed germination percentage and initial seedling establishment at 45 and 90 days after sowing. Light did not influence the germination of S. crispa. However, the use of 3,000 K LED provided a faster initial establishment of S. crispa when compared to the other light sources, also presenting lower seedling mortality. Thus, the light source 3,000 K LED is a potential substitute for the 6,500 K fluorescent lamps and LEDs used in growth rooms in in vitro culture laboratories.
RESUMO: A luz é um dos fatores que influenciam a germinação e o estabelecimento inicial no cultivo in vitro de orquídeas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de luz na germinação e no estabelecimento inicial in vitro de Schomburgkia crispa Lindl. Após semeadura em ambiente asséptico, as culturas foram acondicionadas em viveiro telado (luz natural) ou em sala de crescimento nas seguintes fontes luminosas: LEDs amarelo 3.000 K, branco 6.500 K [1], branco 6.500 K [2] ou lâmpada fluorescente branca 6.500 K (controle). Aos 45 e 90 dias após a semeadura foi avaliada a porcentagem de germinação e o estabelecimento inicial dos propágulos. A luz não influenciou a germinação das sementes de S. crispa, mas a utilização do LED 3.000 K proporcionou estabelecimento inicial de S. crispa em menor período e com menor mortalidade das plântulas, quando comparado com as demais fontes de luz utilizadas. A fonte de luz LED 3.000 K pode ser indicada como um substituto potencial para as lâmpadas fluorescentes e LEDs 6.500 K, utilizadas em salas de crescimento em laboratórios de cultivo in vitro.
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ABSTRACT: The gabirobeira is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado with potential for use in cropping systems. This study evaluated the effect of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on root cuttings of gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). The plant material was obtained from gabirobeira progenies of one and two-years-old. The cuttings were segmented in 5 cm length and 1.90 to 3.22 mm diameter, immersed in the following BAP concentrations: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1 for 15 seconds and planted in trays containing the substrate Bioplant®. A complete randomized experimental design was adopted in a factorial scheme 2x4, (cuttings age x BAP concentrations) with fifteen replicates per treatment. After 140 days the number of cuttings with shoots, number of shoots, number of leaves, and diameter of the main root were evaluated. The better development of the cuttings was observed on progenies of two-years-old. The lowest cytokinin concentrations promoted the better emission and number of shoots of the progenies from both ages.
RESUMO: A gabirobeira é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado brasileiro com potencial para uso em sistemas de cultivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em estacas radiculares de progênies de Gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). As estacas radiculares foram obtidas de progênies de Gabirobeira de um e dois anos de idade. Estes foram segmentados em 5 cm de comprimento e apresentavam entre 1,90 a 3,22 mm de diâmetro, imersos nas concentrações: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 e 4.0 mg L-1 de BAP por 15 segundos e plantados em bandejas contendo Bioplant®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (idades das estacas x concentrações de BAP), com quinze repetições por tratamento. Após 140 dias, foram avaliados o número de estacas com brotações, número de brotações, número de folhas e diâmetro da raiz principal. Estacas de raízes de progênies de dois anos de idade apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento. Menores concentrações de citocinina trouxeram melhores resultados de emissão e número de brotações das progênies de ambas as idades.
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Abstract: Construction of water diversions in drylands is boosted by increasing demands for freshwater often due to prolonged droughts. Even though these mega-enterprises result in benefits to society, it also poses a threat to freshwater biodiversity. In Northeastern Brazil, for instance, the São Francisco River Integration Project already supplies water for millions of people, but over time it will also favor the introductions of multiple aquatic species in the river basins of the Northeastern Caatinga and Coastal Drainages ecoregion. These introductions can cause unprecedented impacts in the native ichthyofauna, such as homogenization of freshwater faunas, transmission of pathogens and loss of native species. This study compares the composition and relative frequency of fish species from Poções reservoir using data obtained by gillnetting and trawling before and after the São Francisco diversion in the dry and rainy seasons, and reports the first detection of Moenkhausia costae introduction in the Paraíba do Norte basin, through the São Francisco River channel. Our results show some evidences that M. costae may become dominant and invasive in Poções reservoir. The introduction of M. costae adds a new component of disruption for these freshwaters and may pose a serious threat to the endemic ichthyofauna in lentic and lotic systems from the Paraíba do Norte basin.
Resumo: Obras para transposição de rios em regiões secas do mundo têm sido impulsionadas pelo aumento da demanda por água doce, muitas vezes associadas às secas prolongadas que são intrínsecas a essas regiões. Embora tais megaempreendimentos possam trazer benefícios para a sociedade, também representam uma ameaça para a biodiversidade aquática. No Nordeste do Brasil, por exemplo, o Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco já fornece água para milhões de pessoas, mas com o tempo também contribuirá com a introdução de várias espécies aquáticas nas bacias hidrográficas da ecorregião Nordeste da Caatinga e Drenagem Costeira. Essas introduções podem causar impactos sem precedentes, tais como homogeneização da ictiofauna nativa, transmissão de patógenos e perda de espécies nativas. Este estudo compara a composição e frequência relativa de espécies de peixes do açude Poções usando dados coletados com redes de espera e de arrasto antes e depois da transposição do rio São Francisco, nos períodos seco e chuvoso, e relata o primeiro caso de introdução de Moenkhausia costae na Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Norte, através do canal do rio São Francisco. Nossos resultados mostram que M. costae poderá se tornar dominante e invasora no açude Poções. A introdução de M. costae adiciona um novo componente de perturbação para esse açude e pode representar uma séria ameaça à ictiofauna endêmica de sistemas lênticos e lóticos da bacia do rio Paraíba do Norte.
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Abstract The Australian red-claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, has been introduced for aquaculture purposes worldwide and consequently colonized natural environments, where it might cause ecosystem services losses or adversely affect native species and the local environment. This species was first found in Pequenos Libombos Reservoir in Maputo Province, Southern Mozambique in the late 2009 and is linked to reduction in tilapia fisheries. This study, conducted in 2015 under controlled conditions, aimed to assess the interspecific relationships between the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the alien crayfish. For both species, no significant differences in growth and survival rates were found between animals reared in the presence versus the absence of heterospecifics, indicating no direct deleterious interspecific effects. Behavioural observations revealed that fish and crayfish competed for shelter and food. Both species reduced the foraging in the presence of heterospecifics during feeding period, in the daytime. Crayfish seemed to have an advantage in competition for shelter, suggesting that they may interfere with tilapia sheltering activity and make tilapia vulnerable to predators in natural habitats.
Resumo O lagostim australiano, Cherax quadricarinatus, tem sido introduzido para fins de aquicultura em todo o mundo e, consequentemente, colonizado ambientes naturais, onde pode coexistir com a biota local sem causar perdas nos serviços dos ecossistemas ou afetar negativamente as espécies nativas e o meio ambiente local. Esta espécie foi encontrada pela primeira vez na Albufeira dos Pequenos Libombos, na Província de Maputo, sul de Moçambique, no final de 2009 e foi relacionada à redução da pesca de tilápias registrada na mesma localidade. Este estudo, conduzido em 2015 sob condições controladas, teve como objetivo avaliar as relações interespecíficas entre a tilápia de Moçambique (Oreochromis mossambicus) e o lagostim invasor (C. quadricarinatus). Para ambas espécies, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas taxas de crescimento e sobrevivência entre animais criados na presença versus ausência de heteroespecíficos, indicando ausência de efeitos deletérios interespecíficos diretos. Observações comportamentais revelaram que peixes e lagostins competiam por abrigo e comida. Ambas espécies reduziram o forrageamento na presença de heteroespecíficos durante o período de alimentação, no período diurno. O lagostim parece ter uma vantagem na competição por abrigos, sugerindo que, em habitats naturais eles podem provocar o deslocamento de tilápias de seus abrigos, e deste modo tornar as tilápias vulneráveis aos predadores.
Subject(s)
Animals , Tilapia , Astacoidea , Australia , Ecosystem , AquacultureABSTRACT
Abstract Invasive species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and the knowledge of their distribution is essential for conservation efforts. The present study inventoried the land and freshwater invasive molluscs of 25 villages of Ilha Grande (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), an island with Atlantic Rainforest remnants. Three invasive species are found: Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, both on two localities; and Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822, on 16 localities. Most records were done on the island continental side, in anthropic areas, probably due to ease of access. One record was inside a conservation area, that calls concern about the spread of those species on the island and possible effects.
Resumo As espécies invasoras são uma das maiores causas de perda de biodiversidade e o conhecimento acerca da sua distribuição é essencial para os esforços de conservação. O presente estudo inventariou os moluscos continentais invasores em 25 vilas da Ilha Grande (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), uma ilha com remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. Três espécies invasoras foram encontradas: Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774), Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, ambas em duas localidades; e Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822, em 16 localidades. A maior parte dos registros foi no lado continental da ilha, provavelmente devido a facilidade de acesso. Um dos registros foi dentro de uma área de conservação, o que chama a atenção para a dispersão destas espécies na ilha, e seus possíveis efeitos.
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Introduction: There is a large information gap on the occurrence of non-native species and their impacts on native biodiversity in the Amazon region in Brazil. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the floristic composition of a protected area in Manaus, Amazonas, and assess the potential impact of non-native invasive species. Methods: A floristic survey was carried out in 30 plots measuring 20 x 20 m with 1 x 1 m subplots. The estimated parameters were density, frequency, dominance, Importance Value Index (IVI), and Environmental Impact of Non-Native Species (IIAE). Results: In total, 8 out of 264 species registered in the tree-shrub layer were not native. A total of 61 species were identified in the herbaceous layer, five of which were non-native. The impact is estimated based on the highest abundance of species of non-native species. Conclusions: The presence of non-native species in the study area is an indication of a potential impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
Introducción: Existe un gran vacío de información sobre especies exóticas y sus impactos sobre la biodiversidad nativa en la región amazónica de Brasil. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la composición florística de un área protegida en Manaos, Amazonas, y evaluar el impacto potencial de las especies no nativas. Métodos: Se realizó un inventario florístico en 30 parcelas de 20 x 20 m, con subparcelas de 1 x 1 m. Los parámetros estimados fueron: densidad, frecuencia, predominancia, Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) e Impacto Ambiental de Especies no Nativas (IIAE). Resultados: En total, 8 de las 264 especies registradas en el estrato arbustivo no son nativas. Un total de 61 especies fueron identificadas en el estrato herbáceo, cinco de las cuales no son nativas. El impacto se estimó con base en la más alta abundancia de las especies de hierbas no nativas. Conclusiones: La presencia de especies no nativas en el área es un indicador de impactos potenciales sobre la biodiversidad y las funciones del ecosistema.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To optimize the HPLC characteristic spectrum of flavonoid glycosides of Dendrobium officinale,and identify the common and specific components of different provenances. Method: Kromasil 100-5 C18 column was adopted, with tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile-methanol (10:22:5)-0.05% phosphoric acid as mobile phase (gradient elution). The detection wavelength was 340 nm,the column temperature was 30℃,and the flow rate was 1.0 mL ·min-1. Result: 13 flavonoid characteristic peaks were marked in 27 batches of D. officinale,and 7 characteristic peaks of 6 flavonoid C-glycosides (vicenin Ⅱ,vicenin Ⅰ,schaftoside,isoschaftoside,violanthin and isoviolanthin) and one flavonoid O-glycosides (rutin) was identified. 7-11 characteristic peaks were detected in different batches of samples. Among them,vicenin Ⅱ was a relatively stable common peak in different source samples,and the characteristic peaks of rutin,schaftoside and isoschaftoside were quite different. According to the relative abundance of the characteristic peaks,the samples could be divided into three categories. Among them,the first category had 10 batches of samples,which mainly came from Danxia landforms of Guangdong,Jiangxi,Fujian and Zhejiang (Wuyi) Province (which called "Danxia landform species") and characterized by detection of obvious peak of rutin. The second category had 11 batches of samples,which mainly came from Yunnan and Guangxi Province (which included "Yunnan Guangnan species" and "Guangxi Tiepilan species") and characterized by detection of violanthin and isoviolanthin. And the third category had 6 batches of samples, which were mainly derived from Zhejiang Province (which called "native species from Zhejiang") and characterized by detection of different degrees of rutin peak, but it was difficult to detect the characteristic peaks of violanthin and isoviolanthin. HPLC characteristic chromatograms of D. officinale in bionics wild cultivation and greenhouse of "Danxia landform species" and "Guangxi Tiepilan species" were compared. The results showed that the characteristic peaks in D. officinale planted in greenhouse could be detected stably,which verified the reliability of the source in D. officinale. Conclusion: The analytical method has a better separation effect on flavonoids of D. officinale, with a good reproducibility. The commonness and specificities of flavonoid glycosides components of D. officinale from different categories have basically confirmed. This suggests that Vicenin Ⅱ is suitable to be a reference peak for characteristic chromatogram. Both the relative abundance of rutin and the detection or relative abundance of violanthin and isoviolanthin peaks could be used as a reference to judge the categories of D. officinale in "Danxia landform species" or "Tiepilan species from Yunnan, South Guangdong and Guangxi" or "native species from Zhejiang".
ABSTRACT
Abstract Fish diversity loss is threatened by the construction of dams as they prevent the regular natural dispersal among populations. Thus, conservation of key riverine habitats for fish reproduction may be essential for the recruitment of new native species of fish. The present study aimed to identify key habitats for fish spawning and early development in the Paranapanema River basin, as well as to determine the taxonomic composition, reproductive and life-history strategy, and to report spatial distribution of eggs, larvae and juveniles. The importance of lagoons, tributaries, and sub-tributaries was evaluated in the Paranapanema River basin between October 2012 and March 2013. Eggs and larvae samples were collected at dawn and dusk with conical plankton nets (0.5 mm mesh size), whereas juveniles were captured during the day with seine and sieve (0.5 cm mesh size). A total of 547 eggs, 904 larvae and 1 228 juveniles were captured. We observed that 2 larvae and 288 juveniles of non-migratory species, parental care, and equilibrium life-history strategy, predominated in lagoons and tributaries. On the other hand, 13 larvae and 60 juveniles of short migratory distance, no parental care, and periodic life-history strategy predominated in sub-tributaries. The highest densities of eggs were recorded in tributaries and sub-tributaries (Tukey's test, P = 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively), and the highest densities of larvae were recorded for lagoons and tributaries (P = 0.005 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Captures of eggs and larvae were higher at night; while the highest catches per unit effort of juveniles were recorded for tributaries and sub-tributaries. Fish species that adopt different life-history strategies can use diverse types of habitats during the early stages. Lagoons, tributaries and sub-tributaries of the Paranapanema River play different roles in the reproductive success of fish fauna in a heavily modified basin. The preservation of spawning and nursery areas trapped between reservoirs is necessary for Neotropical fish species recruitment and survival. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 605-621. Epub 2018 June 01.
Resumen Los riesgos de pérdida de diversidad de peces aumentan con la construcción de represas, ya que impide la dispersión de individuos entre las poblaciones. Por lo tanto, la conservación del habitat ribereño clave para la reproducción de peces puede ser esencial para el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos de especies nativas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar hábitats clave para el desove y el desarrollo temprano de peces en la cuenca del río Paranapanema, así como determinar la composición taxonómica, la estrategia reproductiva y la historia de vida, y reportar la distribución espacial de huevos, larvas y juveniles. Se evaluó la importancia de lagunas, afluentes y subafluentes en la cuenca del río Paranapanema entre octubre de 2012 y marzo de 2013. Se recogieron muestras de huevos y larvas al amanecer y al atardecer con redes de plancton cónico (tamaño de malla de 0,5 mm), mientras que los juveniles fueron capturados durante el día con redes de cerco y tamiz (tamaño de malla de 0,5 cm). Se capturaron un total de 547 huevos, 904 larvas y 1 228 juveniles. Como resultado fue observado que 2 larvas y 288 juveniles de especies no migratorias, cuidado parental y estrategia de vida de equilibrio son predominantes en lagunas y afluentes. Por otro lado, 13 larvas y 60 juveniles de espécies migratorias de corta distancia, sin cuidado parental y estrategia de vida periódica predominaron en subafluentes. Se registraron las densidades más altas de huevos para afluentes y subafluentes (Prueba de Tukey, P = 0.001 y P = 0.03, respectivamente), y se registraron las densidades más altas de larvas para las lagunas y afluentes (P = 0.005 y P = 0.0001, respectivamente). Las capturas de huevos y larvas eran más altas por la noche. Las mayores capturas por unidad de esfuerzo de juveniles se registraron para los afluentes y subafluentes. Las especies de peces que adoptan diferentes estrategias de historia de vida pueden utilizar diversos tipos de hábitats durante las primeras etapas. Lagunas, afluentes y subafluentes del río Paranapanema desempeñan diferentes papeles en el éxito reproductivo de la fauna de peces en una cuenca fuertemente modificada. La preservación de áreas de desove y cría atrapadas entre el embalse es necesaria para el reclutamiento de especies de peces neotropicales.
Subject(s)
Animals , Plankton/classification , Dams/adverse effects , Aquatic Fauna/analysis , Conservation of Natural Resources , Animal Migration/physiology , Rivers , Eggs , Fishes , BrazilABSTRACT
The book "Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes" represents the most cohesive data compilation for the rio Paraná floodplain. However, considering the dynamicity of the taxonomy of freshwater fishes, several new records and taxonomic changes occurred along the past years. Therefore, the results of that publication were revisited, providing an update of the species list, their taxonomic status, records and geographic distribution, and also new keys for genera and species. The species included were those recorded in the rio Paraná basin, from the mouth of the rio Paranapanema to the Itaipu Reservoir, following the general methodology presented in the book. A total of 10 orders, 41 families, 126 genera, and 211 species were registered, with an increase of one order, six families, 14 genera, and 29 species when compared to the book. Additionally, four new genera recently described, five synonymization proposals, 14 new identifications, four new combinations, 12 new species recently described, 34 new records, and nine misidentified species were recorded. These results are associated with the redirection of human and financial resources to that area, which enabled monitoring and intensive exploration of its watercourses; as well as training of taxonomists, and new taxonomic resolutions.(AU)
O livro "Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes" representa a compilação de dados mais coesa para esta área. No entanto, considerando a dinamicidade da taxonomia de peixes de água doce, vários novos registros e alterações taxonômicas ocorreram ao longo desses dez anos. Assim, os resultados daquela publicação foram revisitados, fornecendo uma atualização da lista, status taxonômico, registros e distribuição geográfica das espécies, além de novas chaves de identificação para espécies e gêneros. Foram incluídas as espécies registradas na bacia do rio Paraná, entre a foz do rio Paranapanema e o reservatório de Itaipu, seguindo a metodologia geral apresentada no livro. Foi registrado um total de 10 ordens, 41 famílias, 126 gêneros e 211 espécies, com um aumento de uma ordem, seis famílias, 13 gêneros e 29 espécies quando comparado à primeira versão. Além disso, quatro gêneros novos descritos recentemente, cinco sinonimizações, 14 novas propostas de identificação, quatro novas combinações, 12 espécies novas descritas recentemente, 34 novos registros e nove espécies identificadas erroneamente foram registradas. Estes resultados estão associados ao redirecionamento de recursos humanos e financeiros para esta área, o que permitiu o monitoramento e exploração intensiva de seus corpos d'água; bem como a formação de taxonomistas e novas resoluções taxonômicas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Zoology/classification , Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data , Fishes/classificationABSTRACT
Abstract: We examined size-related and seasonal changes in the diet of the peacock bass Cichla kelberi in a tropical lowland reservoir in southeastern Brazil over three hydro-climatic seasons: summer (high rainfall and temperature), winter (low rainfall and temperature), and late spring (increasing rainfall and temperature) during two years (2006-2007). The tested hypothesis is that this non-native predator fish changes diet during the subadult and adult phases and among seasons to adapt in new colonized environment. Fishes of the families Clupeidae (Platanichthys platana), Characidae (Astyanax spp.) and Cichlidae (Cichla kelberi) were the most important food items, followed by insects of the order Odonata. Cannibalism was also recorded for the largest individuals. A significant size-related change in diet was found with the smallest individuals (Total Length, TL < 20 cm) preying mainly on fishes, whereas the larger individuals (TL > 30 cm) preyed mainly on Odonata. The niche breadth increased during growth, with the largest individuals having a diet more evenly distributed among the available resources. No significant seasonal differences in diet composition were found, but stomachs with higher degree of volume occupied by food were more frequent in late spring than in summer. Conversely, the highest niche breadth was found during the summer compared to the other seasons. Together, these observations suggest an efficient use of the available resources by this top predator in this new colonized system.
Resumo: Foram examinadas as mudanças sazonais na dieta e relacionadas ao tamanho para o tucunaré Cichla kelberi em um reservatório tropical de várzeas no Sudeste do Brasil em três ciclos hidrológicos: verão (elevadas precipitações e temperaturas), inverno (baixas precipitações e temperaturas), e final da primavera (aumentos das precipitações e temperaturas) durante dois anos (2006-2007). A hipótese testada é que este peixe predador não-nativo muda a dieta durante as fases adulta e subadulta e entre as estações do ano para se adaptar neste novo ambiente colonizado. Peixes das famílias Clupeidae (Platanichthys platana), (Characidae (Astyanax spp.) e Cichlidae (Cichla kelberi) foram os itens alimentares mais importantes, seguidos por insetos da ordem Odonata. O canibalismo também foi registrado para os maiores indivíduos. Mudanças significativas na dieta foram relacionadas ao tamanho, com os indivíduos menores (Comprimento Total, CT <20 cm) utilizando principalmente peixes, enquanto os indivíduos maiores (CT >20 cm) se alimentaram principalmente de Odonata. A amplitude de nicho aumentou ao longo do crescimento, com indivíduos de maior porte tendo dieta mais uniformemente distribuída entre os recursos disponíveis. Nenhuma diferença significativa na composição da dieta foi encontrada entre as estações do ano, mas estômagos com maiores volumes ocupados pelo alimento foram mais frequentes no fim da primavera e menos frequentes no verão. Por outro lado, a maior amplitude de nicho foi encontrada no verão comparada com as outras estações, o que indica o uso mais uniforme dos diversos recursos disponíveis. Juntas, estas observações sugerem uma utilização eficiente dos recursos disponíveis por esta espécie predadora de topo neste novo sistema colonizado.
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ABSTRACT Objectives. The reproductive and trophic ecology of Bryconamericus caucanus was analyzed in la Venada creek, Quindío river, Alto Cauca, Colombia. Materials and methods. Individuals were collected between January and December 2013. Multivariate analyses were performed to compare the trophic characteristics of the species between climatic periods (wet and dry), sexes, and sexual maturity (juvenile and adults). We also analyzed the condition factor (K) and the numerical (%N), volumetric (%V), and frequency (%Fo) percentages for each prey. We tested for deviations in the sex proportion using chi-squared tests and we also estimated the Gonodosomatic Index (GSI) and absolute fecundity (Fa). Results. A total of 162 individuals (SL: 40-75 mm) were here analyzed. B. caucanus is an insectivorous fish (86.47% IRI) that mainly feeds on the orders Ephemeroptera (Baetidae; 27.71%), Hymenoptera (Formicidae; 23.57%), Diptera (Simuliidae 17.36%; Chironomidae 9.79%), and Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae; 8.04). Multivariate analyses showed differences between climatic periods, with the lowest richness occurring during dry season. Between sexes, females showed the widest trophic niche. Adults, on the other hand, showed a wider trophic niche than juveniles. The species has two reproductive peaks during rainy seasons which are also related to the increase in the trophic richness during the same periods (March-April, September-November). Conclusions. We found that B. caucanus has an incipient trophic differentiation between ontogenic stages and sexes. Trophic differences are remarkable between climatic periods. The two spawning periods for the species occur during the beginning of the wet seasons (March-April, September-November).
RESUMEN Objetivo. Se analizó la ecología trófica y reproductiva de Bryconamericus caucanus en la quebrada la Venada, Rio Quindío, Alto Cauca, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Los ejemplares se recolectaron entre enero y diciembre del 2013. Se realizaron análisis multivariados para comparar las características tróficas entre épocas climáticas (bajas y altas lluvias), sexos y estados de madurez (juveniles y adultos). Se analizó también el factor de condición (K), porcentajes numéricos (%N), volumétricos (%V) y frecuencia de ocurrencia (%Fo) para cada presa. La proporción de sexos se evaluó usando pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado y se estimaron los indices gonadosomático (IGS) y de fecundidad absoluta (Fa). Resultados. Se analizó un total de 162 ejemplares (LS: 40-75 mm). Se encontró que B. caucanus es un pez insectívoro (86.47% IRI), con un consumo preponderante de ephemeropteros (Baetidae; 27.71%), hymenopteros (Formicidae; 23.57%), dipteros (Simuliidae 17.36%; Chironomidae 9.79%) y trichopteros (Hydropsychidae; 8.04). Los analisis multivariados revelaron diferencias tróficas entre épocas climáticas, con menor riqueza durante la época de sequía. Entre sexos, las hembras registran una mayor amplitud del nicho trófico. Los adultos, presentan una amplitud de nicho mayor a juveniles. La especie tiene dos eventos reproductivos en los periodos de altas lluvias relacionados con el incremento en la riqueza trófica durante las mismas épocas (i.e. marzo-abril, septiembre-noviembre). Conclusiones. B. caucanus presenta una segregación trófica incipiente entre estadios ontogénicos y sexos. La distinción trófica es sin embargo notable entre periodos climáticos. Los periodos de desove para B. caucanus ocurren a inicio de los periodos de lluvias (i.e. mayo-junio y septiembre-octubre).
ABSTRACT
Abstract: Ecuador is considered the fishing capital of the Southeastern tropical Pacific with more than 900 native species. Cichlasoma festae represents an economic important freshwater species of much local use. Thus, in this study, our goal was to characterize this fish species during juvenile stages, as the first step for its conservation and valuation, and also for the preparation of proposals for sustainable rural development and formulation of plans for environmentally responsible fisheries management. The study lasted 25 weeks and was undertaken in the ictiohidrographic area of Province of Los Rios, which accounts for 35 % of native fish species in Ecuador. Weekly, the individual biometric parameters total length (L), body width (BW) and body depth (BD) of 90 juveniles of C. festae were measured. Growth was determined using non-linear biological regression models. The average standard length varied between 6.30 cm and 12.25 cm and the average weight varied between 4.99 and 35.71 g. The length-weight relationship was best fit by the equation lnW = -3.92 + 2.96 ln(L), and the species presented negative allometric growth. Finally, the best fit for the growth of C. festae was the Von Bertalanffy's model where L∞ = 19.758 cm, k = 0.028 cm week-1 and t0 = -14.463 week-1. We concluded that to support sustainable and reliable fisheries production studies, the growth record from length may be obtained with standard methods as those evaluated in this study, or may be obtained with new safer tools such as photogrammetry. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1185-1193. Epub 2017 September 01.
Resumen: Ecuador se considera la capital pesquera del Pacífico tropical suroriental con más de 900 especies nativas. Cichlasoma festae representa una importante especie de agua dulce de gran uso local. Por lo tanto, en este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue caracterizar esta especie durante la etapa juvenil, como primer paso para su conservación y valoración, así como para la preparación de propuestas para el desarrollo rural sostenible y la formulación de planes para una gestión pesquera ambientalmente responsable. El estudio duró 25 semanas y se llevó a cabo la zona ictiohidrográfica de la Provincia de Los Ríos, que representa el 35 % de las especies nativas en Ecuador. Semanalmente, se midieron los parámetros biométricos individuales longitud total (L), ancho corporal (BW) y profundidad corporal (BD) de 90 juveniles de C. festae. El crecimiento se determinó utilizando modelos de regresión biológicos no lineales. La longitud media estándar varió entre 6.30 y 12.25 cm y el peso promedio varió entre 4.99 y 35.71 g. La relación longitudpeso se ajustó a la ecuación lnW = -3.92 + 2.96 ln(L), y la especie presentó crecimiento alométrico negativo. Finalmente, el mejor ajuste para el crecimiento de C. festae fue el modelo de Von Bertalanffy donde L∞ = 19.758 cm, k = 0.028 cm week -1 y t0 = -14.463 week -1. Concluimos que el registro de crecimiento de la longitud podría estar asociado a la fotogrametría como una herramienta para el desarrollo de una producción pesquera sostenible y segura.
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Popular culture and its relationship with plants has been the subject of scientific studies and brought significant contributions to science. In this assessment, developed in two settlements in Corumbá and Ladário, Mato Grosso do Sul, was evaluated the use of plants for medicinal purposes. A structured questionnaire was administered to 10 raizeiros, residents of the area, asking which plants were used by them, their methods of preparation and therapeutic indications. Fifty-five plants from 28 families were catalogued among plants native to the region and of exotic and/or external origin, only 40% were native. The predominant form of use is tea (41 citations), followed by infusion (16 citations). The most used parts are the leaves, with 43 citations, followed by flowers (6 citations). There is a predominance of the type of problem for which the plant is used, with 12 citations for problems in the respiratory system, followed by eight for kidney and liver problems and seven for the stomach. What has been found is a wide diversity of species used for the most different problems, indicating the importance of the use of medicinal plants for the communities studied.
A cultura popular e sua relação com as plantas tem sido objeto de estudos científicos e trazido contribuições significativas para a ciência. Nesta pesquisa desenvolvida em dois assentamentos nos municípios de Corumbá e Ladário, Mato Grosso do Sul, foi avaliada a utilização de plantas para fins medicinais. Um questionário estruturado foi aplicado a 10 raizeiros, residentes nos locais, buscando identificar quais plantas eram utilizadas, seus métodos de preparação e indicações terapêuticas. Foram catalogadas 55 plantas de 28 famílias, entre nativas da região e exóticas e/ou de origem externa, sendo que apenas 40% eram nativas. A forma de uso predominante é o chá (41 citações), seguida por infusão (16 citações). As partes mais utilizadas são as folhas, com 43 citações, seguida pelas flores (16 citações). Há uma predominância quanto ao tipo de problema para qual a planta é usada, com 12 citações para problemas no sistema respiratório, seguido por oito para problemas renais e hepáticos e sete relacionadas ao estômago. Verificou-se uma ampla diversidade de espécies utilizadas, para os mais diferentes problemas, indicando a importância da utilização das plantas medicinais para as comunidades estudadas.